PERFECT AND PASSIVE INFINITIVE AND THE -ING FORM

 

The perfect infinitive has the following structure: (to) have + past participle. For example: to have missed, to have written, to have worked, to have left etc. The perfect infinitive often refers to things that might have happened in the past:

You seem to have annoyed him

But perfect infinitive can also refer to something that will be completed at a point in the future:

We hope to have finished the car repair by the end of May.

A perfect infinitive is an infinitive in the form of “to have + past participle”. It is mainly used after some verbs to emphasize that something happened in the past.

She seems to be very optimistic.

She seems to have been very optimistic.

The perfect infinitive also appears in the passive voice:

He is supposed to have met the American president.

Mia is considered to have been the best manager of the company.

The perfect infinitive continuous is an infinitive in the form of “to have been + verb + ing”. It is used after some verbs to emphasize that something happened in a particular moment in the past.

He seems to have waited for a long time.

When I saw him, he seemed to have been waiting for somebody.

She pretended to have been reading, but in fact, she was listening to their conversation.

The passive infinitive is used in some constructions of the passive voice and is common after modal verbs. We use the passive infinitive when we want to focus on the receiver, or when we do not want to mention the agent (the person who does the action):

The carpet needs to be washed.

These doors should be shut at night.

He is going to be interviewed tomorrow.

The passive perfect infinitive form is used to talk about the past.

The corporation may have been sold last week.
We should have been told about the dangers.

The passive -ing form is used to express a continuous action.

I don’t like being cheated.
He remembers being given the 

A passive gerund is a verb with -ing ending in the passive voice. It may appear in one of two forms: present (e.g. being shown) and past (e.g. having been shown).

I remember being taken to the hospital.
I hate being spoken to as if I’m a child.

He showed no signs of having been warned.
The notice, having been written in small letters, was not clearly visible.

Revision

http://passivecausality.weebly.com/passive-infinitives-and-gerunds.html

http://passivecausality.weebly.com/personal-and-impersonal-constructions.html

https://test-english.com/grammar-points/b2/gerunds-infinitives-complex-forms/

https://test-english.com/grammar-points/b2/gerunds-infinitives-complex-forms/2/

https://test-english.com/grammar-points/b2/gerunds-infinitives-complex-forms/3/

USED TO, WOULD, BE/GET USED TO

 

When we talk about things that happened in the past but don’t happen anymore we can do it in different ways.

Used to

We used to live in New York when I was a kid.

There didn’t use to be a petrol station there. When was it built?

We can use ‘used to’ to talk about past states ….

I used to go swimming every Thursday when I was at school.

I used to smoke but I gave up a few years ago.

… or we can use ‘used to’ to talk about repeated past actions

Remember that ‘used to’ is only for past states/actions that don’t happen now – we can’t use it for things that still happen now. Also, ‘used to + infinitive’ should not be confused with ‘be/get used to + ‘ing’ form’ – this is covered in a separate section.

Would

Every Saturday I would go on a long bike ride.

My teachers would always say “Sit down and shut up!”

We can use ‘would’ to talk about repeated past actions.

Often either ‘would’ or ‘used to’ is possible. Both of these sentences are possible.

Every Saturday, I would go on a long bike ride.

Every Saturday I used to go on a long bike ride.

However, only ‘used to’ is possible when we talk about past states.

We used to live in New York when I was a kid.

We would live in New York when I was a kid.

Past simple

We went/used to go/would go to the same beach every summer.

We can use the past simple in the same way as ‘used to’ and ‘would’ to talk about repeated past actions.

I had/used to have a dog called Charlie.

We can also use the past simple for past states.

I went to Egypt in 1988.

However, if something happened only once we can’t use ‘used to’ or ‘would’ – we must use the past simple.

be used to and get used to

Be used to means 'be familiar with' or 'be accustomed to'.

She's used to the city now and doesn't get lost any more.
He wasn't used to walking so much and his legs hurt after the hike.
I'm a teacher so I'm used to speaking in public.

We use get used to to talk about the process of becoming familiar with something.

I'm finding this new job hard but I'm sure I'll get used to it soon.
It took my mother years to get used to living in London after moving from Pakistan.
I'm getting used to the noise now. I found it really stressful when I first moved in.

Be used to and get used to are followed by a noun, pronoun or the -ing form of a verb, and can be used about the past, present or future.

Revision

https://www.grammarism.com/be-used-to-exercises/

https://www.grammarism.com/be-used-to-exercises/?qid=389675

https://www.grammarism.com/be-used-to-exercises/?qid=651823

https://www.grammarism.com/get-used-to-exercises/

https://www.grammarism.com/get-used-to-exercises/?qid=150993

https://www.grammarism.com/get-used-to-exercises/?qid=839129

A REVISION ON FOOD AND COOKING

 

If you want to work on the topic of food and cooking, watch the video and do these activities:

Vocabulary

https://www.highlevellistening.com/food-vocabulary-part-2/

https://speakspeak.com/english-grammar-exercises/advanced-vocabulary-exercises/food

https://www.esl-lounge.com/student/vocabulary/3v12-cooking-vocabulary.php

Listening

https://learnenglish.britishcouncil.org/general-english/audio-zone/a-special-restaurant

https://www.esl-lab.com/difficult/diet-plan/

https://www.esl-lab.com/difficult/hamburger-restaurant/

WISHES AND REGRETS, IT'S TIME, WOULD RATHER (revision)

 

WISH + SIMPLE PAST

It is used when the speaker wants reality to be different.

I wish I lived here .

I wish I went to London next summer.


WISH + WOULD

It is used to refer to general wishes for the future about others.

I wish the weather would change.

I wish my brother would come.

WISH + PAST PERFECT

It is used to express regret about past actions.

I wish I had studied harder to pass the exam.

He wishes he had learnt French to go to France.

IF ONLY

It is used with the same verbs as wish but we express stronger feelings.

If only I could visit my mother.

If only I had never left my house! If only he would call!

IT´S TIME+ S. PAST

It is used to talk about present/past but to express that the action should have been done before.

It´s time you went to bed, you have an exam tomorrow.

It´s time we went to the train station, it´s very late!

WOULD RATHER + S. PAST

It´s used to express preferences for the pres/future.

I´d rather you didn´t leave London.

I´d rather she didn´t drive tonight.

WOULD RATHER + PAST PERFECT

It is used to say what we wanted to happen in the past.

I´d rather you hadn´t left home, I miss you.

They´d rather you had studied.

WOULD RATHER + VERB

It is used to express our own preferences about ourselves.

I´d rather go to the cinema.

She´d rather eat a burger.